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1860s
Find 1860s
1860s Info
1860s
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Years:
1860
1861
1862
1863
1864
1865
1866
1867
1868
1869
Contents
1
Events and trends
1.1
Technology
1.2
Science
1.3
War, peace and politics
1.4
Culture and religion
1.5
Other
2
World leaders
Events and trends
Technology
The
First Transcontinental Railroad
in the
United States
is built in the six year period between
1863
and
1869
.
Science
James Clerk Maxwell
publishes his
equations
that quantify the relationship between electricity and magnetism, and shows that
light
is a form of
electromagnetic radiation
Gregor Mendel
formulates
Mendel's laws of inheritance
, the basis for
genetics
Dmitri Mendeleev
discovers the
periodic table
War, peace and politics
Italian unification
under King
Victor Emmanuel II
. Wars for expansion and national unity continue until the incorporation of the
Papal States
(
March 17
,
1861
-
September 20
,
1870
).
American Civil War
fought between the remaining
United States of America
under
President
Abraham Lincoln
and the self-declared
Confederate States of America
under President
Jefferson Davis
(
April 12
,
1861
-
April 9
,
1865
). Beginning of the
Reconstruction
era under President
Andrew Johnson
(
1865
-
1869
).
French
occupation of
Mexico
(
1863
-
1867
). Replacement of
President of Mexico
Benito Juárez
(
1861
-
1863
) at first with
Juan Nepomuceno Almonte
(
1863
-
1864
) and then by Emperor
Maximilian of Mexico
(
1864
-
1867
).
Benito Juárez
eventually manages to recover his position (
1867
-
1872
).
Meiji Restoration
in
Japan
(
1866
-
1869
).
Tokugawa Yoshinobu
, 15th and last of the
Tokugawa shoguns
loses control to the
Meiji Emperor
. A series of reforms follows. The
samurai
class fails to survive while the
Daimyo
turn to
politics
.
Canada
becomes an independent nation
U.S. president
Abraham Lincoln
is
assassinated
,
April 15
,
1865
.
Culture and religion
In
Catholicism
, reaction against
higher criticism
and the liberal movement in
Europe
The Football Association
is formed in the
United Kingdom
, paving the way for
Association football
to become the world's predominant spectator sport
Other
World leaders
Emperor
Franz Josef
(
Austria-Hungary
)
Prime Minister Sir
John A. Macdonald
(
Canada
)
Emperor
Napoleon III
(
France
)
King
Victor Emmanuel II
(
Italy
)
Pope Pius IX
Emperor
Alexander II
(
Russia
)
Queen
Victoria
(
United Kingdom
)
Prime Minister
Lord Palmerston
(
United Kingdom
)
Prime Minister
Lord Derby
(
United Kingdom
)
Prime Minister
William Ewart Gladstone
(
United Kingdom
)
President
James Buchanan
(
United States
)
President
Abraham Lincoln
(
United States
)
President
Andrew Johnson
(
United States
)
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