|
In the sport of football (soccer), each of the eleven players in a team are assigned to a particular named position on the field of play. These positions describe both the player's main role and by implication their location on the pitch. As the game has evolved, tactics and team formations have changed, and the names of the positions and the duties involved have evolved too.
The fluid nature of the modern game means the positions in football are not as formally defined as in sports such as rugby or American football. Even so, most players will play in a limited range of positions throughout their career, as each position requires a particular set of skills. Footballers who are able to play comfortably in numerous positions are referred to as utility players.
The Dutch side of the 1970s pioneered a style of play dubbed Total Football, where the each member of the team was a skilful ball player and able to switch positions with ease. Total football is difficult to defend against and often exciting to watch, but it is unusual for a team to be able to field eleven players with the required talent and discipline. On the rare occasions when it can be employed, the players are still largely constrained by the position they occupy.
Goalkeeper
The goalkeeper is the most specialized position in football. His job is purely defensive: to guard his team's goal from being breached, and as such he is allowed to use his hands when playing the ball. The discipline of goalkeeping is so specialized that it is virtually unheard of in the professional game for a goalkeeper to play in any other position. One notable exception is Jorge Campos of Mexico, who often played as a striker. Other goalkeepers on certain occasions may venture to taking their team's penalties and free kicks (examples include José Luis Chilavert of Paraguay and Rogério Ceni of São Paulo FC (Brazil)). If a goalkeeper is sent off or injured, and there is no substitute goalkeeper available, then an outfield player will take his place.
Physical strength is a requirement for goalkeepers to claim the ball easily, while a reasonable height also ensures cover in goal. Good goalkeepers should be agile and have excellent reactions to stop shots, and have good positional sense and quick decision-making to gather the ball. The standard football skills of ball control on the feet, tackling, passing and dribbling are not usually required in a goalkeeper, although the recent rule change penalizing a goalkeeper handling a ball when it is back-passed has led to goalkeepers practising their footballing control to a greater extent than before.
Goalkeepers of renown
Defensive positions
Centre back
The job of the centre backs or central defenders is to stop opposing players, particularly the strikers, from scoring, and to bring the ball out from their penalty area. As their name suggests, they play in a central position. Most teams employ two centre backs, stationed in front of the goalkeeper. There are two main defensive strategies used by centre backs: the zonal defence, where each centre back covers a specific area of the pitch, and man-to-man marking, where each centre back has the job of covering a particular opposition player.
Centre backs are often tall, with good heading and tackling ability. An ability to read the game well is a distinct advantage. Traditionally, many centre backs have concentrated less on ball control and passing, preferring to punt the ball upfield, in a "safety-first" fashion. Recently, it has become more common for centre backs to have more than just rudimentary footballing skill to enable a more possession-orientated playing style.
The position is sometimes referred to as centre half. In the early part of the 20th century, when most teams employed the 2-3-5 formation, the row of three players were called half backs. As formations evolved, the central player in this trio (the centre half), moved into a more defensive position on the field, taking the name of the position with him. See football positions.
Centre backs of renown
Sweeper
The sweeper is a more versatile type of centre back that "sweeps up" the ball if the opponent manages to breach the defensive line. His or her position is rather more fluid than other defenders who man-mark their designated opponents. Because of this, the position is often referred to as libero (from the Italian: free). The sweeper's ability to read the game is perhaps even more vital than for a centre back. A sweeper is sometimes expected to build counter-attacking moves, and as such requires better ball control and passing ability than a typical centre back. However, many in the sweeper position does not necessarily utilize this attacking potential. For example, the catenaccio system of play, used in Italian football in the 1960s, employed a purely defensive sweeper.
Sweepers of renown
Full back
The full backs take up the wide defensive positions, one on each side of the field. Their main task is to prevent opposition players crossing or cutting the ball back into the penalty area. In some defensive systems, full backs man-mark opponents. Most full backs are also expected to provide an attacking dimension by getting upfield along the wings and providing crosses of their own.
Traditionally, the full backs (the "2" in the 2-3-5 formation) played a role today occupied by the central defenders. As the game evolved, with the old centre half taking over the central defensive role, full backs have migrated out to the flanks and the position now requires a slightly different set of skills. The modern full back is usually pacy, strong in the tackle and with good stamina to enable one to get up and down the field.
The wingback is a modern variation on the full back with heavier emphasis on attack. They are usually employed in a 3-5-2 formation, and could therefore be considered part of the midfield. As the role combines that of the winger and the full back, wing backs need to be blessed with good stamina. As they have the support of three centre backs, they are expected to concentrate more on providing support for strikers and less on their defensive duties. In some very defensive systems though, wingbacks play in the 5-3-2 formation, and venture less upfield.
Full backs of renown
Midfield positions
Centre midfield
Central midfielders play a number of roles on the field of play, depending on their particular strengths and weaknesses and the tactics of the team. They are the link between defence and attack, and must also defend when the opposition are in possession. Their central position enables them to have an all-round view of the match, and as most of the action takes place in and around their area of the pitch, midfielders often exert the greatest degree of control over how a match is played.
Central midfielders are often divided into defensive and attacking midfielders. A defensive midfielder, or "holding midfielder", share many characteristics with a centre back. Their main priority is to distribute a ball effectively when in possession of the ball, or to break up an opponent's attack when not.
An attacking midfielder are expected to make runs into the opposition penalty area and try to score goals.
All midfielders need excellent fundamental footballing skills, i.e. good ball control and passing. In addition, defensive midfielders should particularly be strong in the tackle. For attacking midfielders, especially the breed known as "playmakers", the vision and awareness to spot and pass to team-mates in a good position can create invaluable scoring chances for a striker. Of all the positions, midfield is the possibly one where raw speed is the least important, as this can be compensated for by ability on the ball.
Central midfielders of renown
Winger
The out-and-out winger is a position that has been less fashionable since Alf Ramsey's England side — the "Wingless Wonders" — won the World Cup in 1966. The role has been absorbed into right and left midfield, or taken over by full backs or wing backs. However, many outside midfielders can still legitimately be classed as wingers.
The job of the winger is simply to provide crosses or cut-backs into the penalty area for the strikers to score from. Traditionally this was done using pace or dribbling ability to beat opposing full backs. Wingers were not expected to contribute to the defence.
Wingers of renown
Side Midfielders
Side Midfielders is a modern development of the winger role. Side midfielders have similar expectations to support the strikers, but are also expected to help with defensive duties in the wide areas. Other roles include holding the ball up in the wings to allow the fullback to overlap them, and offering wider passing options for the central midfielders in games where the midfield is heavily congested.
Side Midfielders of renown
Attacking positions (strikers)
Centre forward
The centre forward has one main task: to score goals. There are two commonly categorized types of centre forward: the "target man" and the "link man". Most teams that play with two strikers will field an attacker of each type, although many play a number of other variations.
Target men are usually of above-average height, with good heading ability and an accurate shot. The target man will tend to score goals from crosses, often with the head, and use the body strength to shield the ball while turning to score.
Link men are often smaller in stature, preferably with dribbling skills and good pace. They are expected to contribute goals as much as to create chances for the target man. Smaller strikers tend to prefer to use their pace to run onto a ball passed over the opposition defence, rather than to collect the ball with their back to goal in the manner of a target man.
Centre forwards of renown
The "hole"
The "hole" is the name given to a loosely-defined position somewhere between the out-and-out striker and the midfield. The hole player is either a skilful, attack-minded midfielder or a striker who can both score or create opportunities for a centre forward. The term "inside forward" was used to refer to a player with a similar type of role to that of hole player in the past. Inside forward was a position in the now-outmoded W-M formation and other formations popular until the 1960's. The list of hole players of renown below thus contains some players who would have been referred to as inside forwards in their own day.
"Hole" players of renown
| 
